Biology

Feedback inhibition also known as end product inhibition refers to an important mechanism in the biosynthetic pathways involving enzymes. The synthesis of molecules such as amino acids and pyrimidines in the human body is tightly regulated and most of the steps controlled enzymatically. Usually, in feedback inhibition, the end products in biosynthetic pathways inhibit the first enzymatic step and hence controlling the synthesis of the end products themselves (Khanna, 289). The first enzyme in the...

The food that we eat cannot be assimilated into the body in the same manner that we ingest it. It needs to be broken down through various processes aided by chemicals and anatomical structures in the human body. This paper discusses the process of digestion in the alimentary tract until it is absorbed into the body. The food that is ingested needs to go through several processes in the body before it is assimilated into the body. These processes occur in the alimentary tract which is a long structure...

The cardiopulmonary system is made up of the heart and the lungs which are both located in the thoracic cavity of the body. The two organs are central to the circulatory and the respiratory systems respectively. Exercise entails exertion of the body to achieve a physical benefit. The cardiovascular system performs several vital functions in the body during exercise. It delivers oxygen to the muscles, transports the heat generated from the core to the skin, transports glucose and essential nutrients...

Executive summary Human activities are behind the current climatic changes in the world as a result of global warming. These activities have been necessitated by the need to create more wealth to sustain the increasing world population. The need to expand the agricultural production has resulted in large scale deforestation to create more land for farming and grazing activities. Greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere have come from power generating activities, industrial processes and exhaust...

Cholera is a disease that causes diarrhea and vomiting effect, caused by a bacterium Vibrio Cholerae. This bacterium enters human body through contaminated drinking water or food, affecting the intestines through which it enters the blood stream. It produces toxics that forces water to exude from the blood in large amounts. This water is excreted as diarrhea and vomiting. Different human populations are affected by cholera infections at differently. The rate of infection depends on individuals...

Ebola virus constitutes some of the major viruses that have the capacity to cause viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome. Ebola virus belongs to the family Filoviridae. Ebola virus has been responsible for quite a number of well documented outbreaks of deadly human hemorrhagic fever. It is important to look at as well as understand the nature of the virus and the disease it causes because it has the ability of wiping out a large percentage of the global population within a short time. This paper will...

The demand to understand aggression over the years has continued to intensify as it remains the central cause for broken families and relationships, societal conflicts and most importantly the major cause of incarceration for people in all age groups. Though some scholars have concluded that biological causes of aggression, the ability to address it by changing things in the environment at different levels of growth and development makes it to be more psychological.  However, it is the findings...

Biofilm formation of bacterial cells, or the ability of bacteria to aggregate in response to certain signaling factors, is a relatively new concept that gives researchers and other scientists an extra load of scientific works. These works are connected to the idea that scientific investigators find it hard to establish facts that will clearly describe the event by which bacterial species, which were traditionally regarded to be solitary in nature, will begin to form communities. Myxobacteria, streptomyces...

The disease called Lupus is a type of ailment that mainly damages and harms the immune system of an individual (What is Lupus, n.d.). In the United States, the Lupus disease vastly affects about one point five million Americans, wherein the majority or almost 90 of the total diagnosed patients with such ailment are mainly females (What is Lupus, n.d.). In most normal circumstances, the immune system of an individual works by making antibodies and immunity cells, which are special substances that...

Dear Graduate Committee Members, Having recently finished my masters degree, I,  state your name , wish to apply for Ph. D.  in state the program you wish to apply to. Primarily, I intent to apply in this program since my interest lie in plant and environmental field, and I believe that this program will further hone my skills and develop my expertise in the said area. The research of Dr. Colin Birch on Ash products from coal combustion to improve agricultural productivity in an environmentally...

DNA fingerprinting is a technique that involves use of DNA to identify individuals. Before it was discovered, it was difficult to solve some of the crimes in which little or no evidence had been left. Disputes such as paternity disputes were almost impossible to solve. But with the discovery of this technique, many cases have been solved and disputes settled through its help. This paper is going to look at the principles behind this technique and benefits it has brought with it. Deoxyribonucleic...

Protein is a polymer that is made up of amino acids (AA) monomers that are joined together with the aid of peptide bonds. They occur naturally. Proteins are divided into different groupslevels depending on their structural composition. They include primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary and quaternary structure. Their structural composition can be destroyed if they are exposed to different changes in temperature, PH and various chemicals (Barry, p.209). Different levels of protein structure Primary...

Natural selection, according to Gulick, is the process through which heritable attributes that are beneficial or vital for survival and reproduction become a common thing in a population, whereas harmful characteristics become rare (p, 27). Natural selection occurs as a result of successful reproduction by persons who have advantageous traits (Darwin p, 39). This results in adoption of beneficial traits by the subsequent generation. Over a number of generations, adaptations take place through successful...

The biosphere 2 environment has some parallels with the real world we live in biosphere 1. As a result certain conditions are shared between the two when it comes to sustaining the life of a person in Biosphere 2 and the sustainability of a persons lifestyle in the real world (Schulze, 1996). Life in the world and in the biosphere 2 needs to be supported in the same way since human have some basic needs even in enclosed space (Schulze, 1996). Some of the key needs that might not be directly measurable...