Biology

Primordial Soup    The primordial soup theory is to express a hot and fresh beginning of life.  Oxygen and certain organic compounds determine the basis for environmental factors relating to evolution.  Once these are in place, the component to trigger molecular structure is the use of intense heat.  It was argued that in the beginning of the earths atmosphere the conditions were such that creation of spontaneous life came in the form of the building of amino acids...

The replacement of a faulty or absent gene with one that functions is referred to as human gene therapy. This therapy enables the body to produce the correct protein or enzyme which in turn eliminates the causes of the disease. Gene therapy can be either germ- line or somatic cell therapy. The latter corrects a malfunctioning or absent gene through cell treatment whereas the former treats an embryo or gamete used in vitro fertilization. Most of the earlier attempts to bolster the response of the...

The word  penguin  means  fat one  in Portuguese and  White head  from the Welsh s  pen gwyn.  The term also originated from  pinguis  in Latin meaning  fat,  which was originally given to the Great Auk that was hunted down to extinction. Since the Great Auk and penguins share the same anatomy, they were mistaken as the same animal by the explorers that first saw them in the Antarctic Peninsula and thus, were given the same name ( Penguin...

The muscular system is the system in the body that is primarily responsible for movement.  The muscular system does this primarily when individual muscles contract while attached to a series of lever and pulley systems which include the framework of the body or the skeleton on which muscles are attached via tendons, cartilage, and ligaments.  (Inner Body) It is consists of all the muscles in the body divided into two main categories, involuntary and voluntary muscles.  (Inner Body)...

Global warming is a weather phenomenon where the temperatures of the atmosphere near the surface of the earth have increased continuously in time. This is as a result of the increasing concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere resulting from both natural and human activities like volcanic eruption and forest fires.  As a global menace, it affects each and every human being and all sectors of the economy Global warming results to a negative and a positive feedback mechanism to the...

There are two types of diabetes that normally affects people. The first one is type 1 diabetes and is the most common especially among the young generation. This is caused by inability of the body to produce enough insulin. The second one is type 2 diabetes which is the main focus of this research paper, and is most prevalent among the older population. However in the recent past, more cases are being recorded for type 2 diabetes among the young adolescents. It is characterized by not only lack...

The cell wall and flagellum are among the vital bacterial cell structures. A bacterial cell wall is a tough, normally flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer which encloses the contents of bacterial cell. It is always located outside the cell membrane and is composed of murein materials. These materials are made of polysaccharide chains cross linked by atypical peptides encompassing D-amino acids. The cell wall allows the survival of bacterial cells as a unicellular organism by separating the...

In normal cases, nephrons filter out wastes, excess substances, and fluids from the blood. However, in individuals with polycystic kidney disease, kidneys become enlarged with numerous clusters of cyst, which interfere with the normal renal function. This sometimes results in renal failure and thus, demanding for kidney transplant or dialysis. Besides, cysts may as well develop in other body organs, especially the liver and pancreas. Polycystic kidney disease is a hereditary disorder and thus, the...

It has been established that disease causing micro-organisms may acquire resistance to the antibiotics like penicillin through the exchange of the DNA with the risk-free bacteria that resides in the human gut. In effect, the antibiotics may not be effective on the antibiotics-resistance genes. This paper would summarize the functional characterization of the Antibiotic Resistance Reservoir in the Human Micro-flora as presented in a study by Morten O. A. Sommer, Gautam Dantas, and George M. Church....

Animals and plants are living things that depend with each other for survival. Plants manufacture their food through photosynthesis while animals depend on plants for their food. In order for plants to manufacture food, they require carbon dioxide, sunlight and water, (Silverstein, Silverstein  Nunn, 2007). This paper shall therefore describe the process of photosynthesis and how animals benefit from the process of photosynthesis and also demonstrate that without plants, animals including human...

For the first question, the group can procure living things for study by taking note of the hallmarks of life. According to Starr, Evers and Starr (2008), living things share the following characteristics in common (1) they are capable of utilizing an energy source and materials from its environment to build itself up and grow (2) they can adapt to changes in its environment via long-term evolution or an immediate response, for the purpose of its survival and for regulating its functions (3) they...

Hepatitis B virus is a member of the Hepadnaviridae. The hepadnaviridae has been known to cause a liver disease, known as hepatitis, in several animal species. HBV is a DNA virus. The intact virus is a spherical, double-layered Dane particle that has an outer surface envelope of protein, lipid and carbohydrate enclosing a slightly hexagonal core (Kumar, Abbas,  Fausto, 2008). HBV is a relatively large virus with a diameter of 42nm. It has an enveloped icosahedral capsid and double stranded...

A Brief Description of the Peripheral Nervous System        The nervous system consists of two main interconnected subsystems, the central nervous system (CNS) the brain and the spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS is responsible for connecting the CNS to the rest of the body. It includes two subsystems, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) which, in turn, includes the sympathetic, the parasympathetic, and the enteric nervous systems and the sensory...

Actinopterygii or the ray-finned fishes are the most successful of all vertebrates in terms of diversity and sheer numbers. They constitute around 26,900 species out of a total of around 31,500 species of fish, thus representing more than 95 of the living fish species, and adding up to more than half of all the extant vertebrate species. They include many familiar varieties such as bass, perch, sturgeons, birchers, tuna, goldfish, cod, seahorse, eels, carp, herrings, anchovies, catfishes, goldfishes,...

    The immune system of the human body consists of different cells and molecules which play different roles in response to infection. These responses are divided as innate and adaptive immune response. Innate response acts on different infectious agents the same way no matter how often they are encountered. The adaptive immune response has immune recognition to specific invading microorganisms that the body is previously exposed to and that repeated exposure to those particular microorganisms...

Recent studies have revealed that fish play an important and pivotal role in balancing, not only the marine ecosystem, but also the global ecosystem as well. This paper discusses the role of fish excrements to global warming.     Prior to the recent studies it has been thought that the major source of calcium carbonate in the seawater are the planktons. Recent studies change this fact and now it is revealed that the fish excrements are responsible for providing around 15 of Calcium...

Zebra fish (Danio rerio) subjected in 30oC water samples had larger mass specific oxygen consumption rate.  They had 3.5X more mass specific oxygen consumption rate than zebra fishs treated in 20oC water.   Discussion    Oxygen demand by all animals is seen to be driven primarily by their metabolic needs.  Fish are poikilothermic animals and in being so are thermal conformers which makes there metabolic rate dependent on the temperature of the environment they...

    Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that is highly determined by the age at which the mother conceives a child. Increase in age increases risk of having a baby with Down syndrome (Crane  Morris, 2006). As such, it is of importance to have accurate screening tests in order to understand likely risks during pregnancy. In addition, it is important to know reasons why these trends exist in able to counter Down syndrome effectively (Hall et al, 2007). The understanding of how...