Biology

Creationism and evolutionary theories are broadly perceived as two conflicting views of the universe. Evolutionary theory, also referred to as naturalistic view, symbolizes a variety of beliefs concerning the emergence of the universe from which God and divinity are excluded (Roberts para, 1). Creationism on the other hand symbolizes a universal perception where everything was created by God. If evolutionary theory is believed as true, the perception of creation is ignored and God is gently excluded from existence. On the other hand, if creation theory is perceived as the whole truth concerning the development of the universe, then Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory are perceived to be fundamentally imperfect. Creation theory not only rejects the evolutionary theory, but also rejects the findings of astronomy and geology, and the age of the earth is held to be something less than ten thousand years (Roberts para, 1). The issue of creationism and evolutionary theories has resulted in a major controversy between the supporters of Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theories, who mainly are scientists and scholars, and Christians who believe that the universe was created through the extraordinary creation act of an all-powerful God. Creationism and evolutionary theories, according to Witham, provide complementary responses to different questions (p, 62).  In order to minimize the existing controversy, it would be better to put these two theories together and allow the insights of evolution theory highlight as well as augment the Christian teaching of creation of the universe. These two theories illuminate four other significant aspects including ascribing ages to the planet as well as its strata, human lifespan, the existence of natural evils, and the problems in paleontology (Roberts p, 3).

Evolution, as described by Charles Darwin simply means that all life came down from a common ancestor (Witham p, 72). It is believed that human beings are descendants of apes. As a result, evolution rejects creation and thus God. Charles Darwin, who is believed to be the father of evolution combines different aspects of biology including variation and selection, which led to natural selection. Other aspects which Darwin combined include geographical distribution, geographical record, in addition to the mutual affinities of organic substances. Darwin however, was unable to find a solution to the problem of genetics and inheritance. Gregory Mendel later provided a solution to this (Roberts para, 4).

Creationism theory, on the other hand, bases its facts on the creation story in the book of Genesis in the Bible. This revelation has it that the universe was created by God in six days. Any attempt to tie this story to scientific theories results in total mess. It is believed that the Bible was written long before the invention of Geology, approximately three thousand years earlier (Witham p, 103). The Bible clearly records that in the beginning, God, the Rock of Ages, created the heavens and the earth in addition to all that is in them. Even though the Bible offers no scientific explanation of creation, it clearly outlines the greatness of God and acknowledges His ability to create. Scientific theories are supposed to inform our comprehension concerning creation and not depose it (Roberts para, 9)

Ages in the bible are recorded in terms of BC and AD. Archbishop Ussher of the 17th century recorded the age of creation as 4004 BC (Roberts para, 10). Early Christians and Jews believed that the earth was only a few thousand years old. Scientists, who rose in the 17th century however rejected this fact and argued that the earth appeared older than what the early Christians believed. Geologists, such as Smith and Hutton in the 18th century argued that the earth was probably millions of years old (Alexander and Numbers p, 36). The perception of geologists was however opposed by some people. Lord Kevin in the 1860s approximated the age of the earth to be over a hundred million years. Modern geologists applied radioactivity to estimate the age of the earth, and currently the age of the earth remains undoubted at 4,600, 000,000 years (Roberts para, 13). However, some Christians have problems with these ages, but the current age remains a fact they cannot deny. In order to minimize this controversy concerning the age of the earth, Christians focus on God as a creator in addition to the things that increase their wonders on Him and not merely on His criterion.

The complexity of nature that is currently observed is time and again attributed to an inherent tendency of matter to organize itself under a wide range of adaptive conditions (Schwabe para, 1). Human beings as well as other living organisms, according to Schwabe, have undergone extensive adaptations in order to thrive in their current habitat (para, 2). All these adaptations have resulted in complexity of nature with a major aim of making life easy and increasing lifespan (Alexander, Denis. and Numbers p 165). The evolutionary picture of life and death is very clear. It indicates that death has been in existence since the beginning of life, over three million years ago. Creationists nevertheless, believe that death was not in existence during the inception of life. They believe that death came as a result of the sinful nature of man. God created man and woman and the two had no sins. Later on, man and woman were deceived by the devil and this brought about the fall of man and the beginning of death. Initially, man lived for many years on earth before meeting his death. As a result of an increase in the sinful nature of man, God mightily reduced the life span of man. Evolutionary theory, on the other hand, has it that aging increases vulnerability and eventually results in death. This theory has it that lifespan is an evolved aspect, that is fundamentally determined by the process of evolution instead of some basic limitations. Various external conditions are attributed to lifespan these include presence of food and water, habitat, environmental conditions and predators (Aging.Org p, 1).

The existence of natural evils, which many believe to be purposely designed by a loving God is a terrible barrier to faith for a very large percentage of people. Atheist philosophers, according to Magee, argue that even though God could be justified in allowing moral evils to take place, He is not justified in creating a world and then allowing natural calamities to destroy the same world (para, 4). Although many argue that it were better that natural calamities be eliminated, these people have not considered the effects of their perceptions on the way the world could be operated if people were in charge of the earths design (Corey p, 76). Christians throughout history have provided justifying reasons for the occurrence of natural calamities. They claim that despite the presence of natural evils, God remains to be an all-good and all-powerful God (Magee p, 7). Creationists argue that God must have a tangible reason for permitting natural evils such as natural and physical calamities to occur, and this makes it unsuitable to lay the blame of these evils on Him. God is omnipotent and everything that is on earth belongs to him. Therefore, no limits should be put on what He should or should not do to His creation. God remains to be all-good even though natural evils are present in his creation (Magee para, 9).

Paleontology, basically the study of fossils, aims at revealing the ecologies of the ancient times, the evolution, the place as well as the emergence of human beings in the world (University of California Museum of Paleontology para, 1). It integrates knowledge from biology, archeology, anthropology, as well as computer science in order to gain an understanding of the processes that have resulted in the origination as well as the destruction of different forms of organisms since the inception of life (University of California Museum of Paleontology para, 1). Paleontology, according to the University of California Museum of Paleontology, has it that life on earth has been continuously evolving from the time it first appeared as a single celled organism approximately 3,000,000 years ago (para, 1).

It also has it that in between the inception of life and now, a variety of processes including natural selection, drift, sexual selection, in addition to mutation, have resulted in creation of novel forms of life. However, paleontology is faced by numerous challenges.  One of the main problems with paleontology is the missing links that are supposed to fill the gaps between varieties of species that have been recognized (Foote, et al p, 164). The other problem is that a great deal of fossils has probably not yet been excavated. Therefore, there is a great possibility that a wide range of ancient fossils have not yet been discovered. Many significant fossils, as a problem on the other hand, are located in remote places throughout the world (Foote, et al p, 165). Paleontology suffers greatly due to the fact that it does not receive sufficient funding and this factor is not likely to come to an end any time soon.

Global warming is defined as the gradual but steady increase on temperatures in the earths atmosphere near the surface. According to scientific evidence, global warming is mainly caused by the increased concentration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a factor which leads to trapping of heat reflected from the earths surface within the lower atmosphere and thus increased temperatures in the atmosphere near the earths surface (World Resource Institute). Increased earth surface temperatures due to global warming have negative impacts such as sea water warming, flooding, droughts, and formation of strong winds, all of which have compromise the sustainable survival of the ecosystem.

Numerous scientific research findings have closely associated global warming to the increase in health complications across the globe. This can be evident with the unpredictable weather patterns experienced across the world today. On the other hand, flooding and wind storms, direct results of global warming are blamed for trans-regional spreading of diseases across the globe (World Resource Institute). Just to be appreciated is the fact that it is not uncommon to experience traditionally tropical diseases in other regions of the world. Global warming is the cause of food insecurity across the globe, an element directing impacting on human health quality.

The problem of global warming is attributed to increased emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere particularly following increased industrial activities since early twentieth century. Available scientific information indicates that the earth surface temperatures have increased by an estimated 0.74  0.18 C over the 1906 to 2005 (World Resource Institute). Still, the information claims that the rate of increase has been double over the last half of this period. The rate of polar ice caps melting has almost doubled over the past few decades as the effects of ozone layer shrinking are mainly witnessed in the Polar Regions (NASA). Given the modern industrial development trends, temperature of the earth surfaces are expected to increased by between 1.1 C to 6.4 C by the end of the twenty first century.

The global warming debate has remained a controversial one cross the social, political, and academic fronts of the global community. Despite the numerous scientific findings proving the harmful impacts of global warming, politicians seem to negate such terming climatic change as a natural phenomenon (Weart 36). This has however been attributed to their quest to safeguard the economic competitive advantage of their nations relative to others. It is worth noting that engaging much in mitigating greenhouse gas productions into the atmosphere threatens industrial sustainability and prosperity in developed nations, an element that has negative impacts on the social and economic development of their communities.

Despite this, many concerns by the global community on resolving the global warming problem have witnessed a number of mitigation and adaptation policies developed. The international community has been calling for the implementation of the Kyoto agreement by all nations. This agreement dictates for the implementation of safe industrial production practices aimed at decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In addition, the global community has engaged in adopting reliable agricultural practices to resolve the food insecurity problem caused by global warming. With evident flooding and submerging of low lying coastal regions, shifting of their residents has been a concern to reduce life and property losses. All in all regardless, of these measures, the problem of global warming seems far from over.

Necrotizing fasciitis also known as flesh-eating bacteria is a rare but serious disease where bacteria destroy tissues underlying the skin. The disease is known to spread very fast causing death and damage of the tissues. The death of the tissues is known as necrosis or gangrene, explaining why the disease may also be known as synergistic gangrene. This condition takes place infrequently, but it can affect any region of the body. However the arms and the legs are commonly affected by the disease. In case the disease affects the genitals, it is referred to as Fournier gangrene (Medina, Gonzalez-Rivas, Blanco, Tejido and Leiva, 2009). Studies have revealed that about one person out of four who contract this die from it. The fast spreading strands of bacteria have resulted in the death of patients in days. Most of the people who suffer from this condition are usually in good health before they contract it. The moment a person contacts the bacteria, it starts working on destroying the soft tissue and the fascia, the casing of tissue that covers the muscle immediately. This disease is as a result of any opportunity that bacteria can get to enter into a persons body (Davis, 1996). The term flesh-eating bacteria is actually a misnomer. This is due to the fact that the bacteria do not actually eat the soft tissue and the fascia. They destroy or damage them by discharging enzymes and toxins that can spread very fast throughout the body. Different types of bacteria release different types of enzymes and toxins. For instance streptococci and staphylococci release hyaluronidase. This enzyme damages hyaluronic acid that is basically part of connective tissue (Kotrappa, Bansal and Amin, 1996).

Back ground
The first discovery of necrotizing fasciitis was made in the year 1783, in France. Despite the fact that the discovery was made in the 18th century, it was not until between the 1840s and 1870s that the disease was fully described. In the year 1920, twenty cases were isolated in China by Meleney where hemolytic streptococcus was the causative agent. The term necrotizing fasciitis was first coined by Dr. B. Wilson in 1952 (Kotrappa, Bansal and Amin, 1996). However, Dr. B. Wilson did not identify any specific bacteria that he could link to the condition. It is possible that the disease had been affecting and killing people for many centuries before it was identified and described between the 18th and 19th century. Since the name that was given to the disease by Dr. B. Wilson, there have been many other terms and names given to it. Some of the other names include flesh-eating bacterial necrotizing cellulitis suppurative fasciitis and Fourniers gangrene among others (Medina, Gonzalez-Rivas, Blanco, Tejido and Leiva, 2009 36). All through the 19th and 20th centuries, doctors realized that the disease took place at irregular intervals. It was particularly limited to military health facilities, often during the time of war. Nevertheless, there have been some cases of outbreak in other populations. After the Second World War, necrotizing fasciitis appeared to be on the decrease, reemerging again throughout the world in the 1980s (Davis, 1996).  

Causes of necrotizing fasciitis
Most of the cases have been as a result of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) (Roemmele and Batdorff, 2000). However, researchers have now come to an agreement that different types and species of bacteria either in isolation or in groups (polymicrobial) can lead to this condition. There are two types of the condition type I describing a polymicrobial contagion, is caused by anaerobic species. The organisms work in conjunction with facultative anaerobic bacteria like streptococcal, enterococci, as well as Gram-negative rods. Type II describing a monomicrobial contagion, is the one that is referred to as streptococcal gangrene, and it is as a result of streptococci, with other organisms either present or absent. Despite the fact that type I is more frequent than type II, it is not as dangerous as the latter. Most of the serious cases and deaths are as a result of type II contagion. There are cases where the disease can be caused by marine vibros, that is, Gram-negative organisms. This only takes place where the victim is bitten by a fish or a shellfish (Henrickson, Wong, Allen, Ford, and Epstein, 2001). In very rare occasions, myotic species, that is, fungus can cause the disease. This mostly happened with patients who have very weak immune systems. One example of such an infection is Mucormycosis (Lee, Carrick and Scott et al, 2007).  

Group A Streptococci
Group A Streptococci is bacteria common in the throat and on the skin. Some people may have this group of bacteria in these regions for some time without showing any signs of sickness. Most infections caused by Group A Streptococci are mild diseases like strep throat.  It is on very rare cases that these bacteria can lead to serious or life-threatening conditions. Such occasions occur when Group A Streptococci moves to areas of the body where they are not commonly found like the blood, the muscle or the lungs (Roemmele and Batdorff, 2000). Persistent Group A Streptococci infections takes place where the immune system of the victim cannot fight the bacteria and keep them out of the body. This can happen in case the victim has cuts or other breaks in the skin that through which the bacteria can access the tissues. It can also take place when the defense of the body against infections is weakened due to chronic conditions or diseases that lower the immunity of the body. These are not the only factors since some strong strains of Group A Streptococci can cause more serious infections than others. Diabetes mellitus and immunosuppression are other conditions that may predispose people to the condition.

When the condition is as a result of lightening Group A Streptococci, a person can move from being in a perfect health to the door of death within days (George, 2004).

Mode of infection
The condition can take place as a complication of different surgical processes. It can also happen as a result of other medical conditions such as cardiac catheterization diagnostic laparoscopy and veinsclerotherapy among others. The condition can also come up following a skin biopsy. Another loophole for the bacteria is a needle puncture mostly for drug users who injects themselves (Schwartz and Kapila, 2010). Others include insect bites, frostbites, fractures, and any other injury to the skin or bone. Bacteria that lead to the disease can also be transmitted from one individual to the other through intimate contact like kissing, or coming into contact with an infected area of the skin. In almost all cases, it is a skin injury that precedes necrotizing fasciitis. Once the bacteria enter the body through a break, sore or cut, they move from the subcutaneous tissue via the superficial and the fascial planes. It is presumed that their movement is made possible by the release of enzymes and toxins. As the bacteria continue to grow beneath the surface of the skin, they generate toxins that destroy the tissues. It is argued by medical experts that almost any skin break has the potential of becoming infected by the bacteria that are responsible for the disease (Lee, Carrick and Scott et al, 2007).  

History and symptoms
People who are at greater risk of acquiring the disease after coming into contact with the bacteria are those who have a break on the skin of a weakened immune system. The contagion starts locally at a region of trauma. The infection can be serious, mild or even non-apparent.  Once a person contracts the infection, he or she starts with constitutional signs of fever and chills. It is after two to three days that erythema is apparent. During this point, there is development of supralesional vesiculation. From the infected region, Serosanguineous liquid can drain. There are very many different symptoms that are evident in people suffering from necrotizing fasciitis (Tilden, 2007). Crepitation shows that there is gas generated by aerobic and anaerobic organisms. In younger patients there is evident of edema and induration that is followed in a day or two by erythema. People suffering from this condition may suffer serious pain that may look like severe considering the physical appearance of the skin. As the infection progresses, the tissues begin to swell, mostly within hours. The area of infection can be discolored (Kotrappa, Bansal and Amin, 1996).  

In the initial phases of the infection, indications of inflammation may not be evident especially if the bacteria have penetrated deep into the tissue. In cases where the bacteria are not deep into the tissue, inflammations like reddening and swelling, or hot skin become evident very fast. The color of the skin may change to purple, progressing to dusky, dark color. There may be formation of blisters that are followed by the destruction of subcutaneous tissues. The dead tissues can become visible. There can be development of black parches that are full of pus. The skin can also break opening to form wounds (Medina, Gonzalez-Rivas, Blanco, Tejido and Leiva, 2009).  

Most of the times, people suffering from this condition are very ill. The combination of signs and complications can result to organ failure. This is due to the release of a super antigen by a particular strain of Streptococci. This results to clones of T4 lymphocytes that make cytokines active causing the generation of oxygen free radicals and nitrous oxides. In the cases where the disease is not treated, the mortality rate has been revealed to be as high as 73 (Roemmele and Batdorff, 2000). This is because devoid of surgery and medical treatment like administering of antibiotics, the contagion is likely to spread very fast throughout the body ultimately causing death (George, 2004).

Effects of the bacteria    
In normal conditions, the skin is held tightly by proteins. These proteins constitute a connective tissue that maintain the dermis, epidermis and muscle in a tight connection. The moment the bacteria penetrate the skin, they lead to detrimental effects by eating the protein that form the connective tissue. Once the infection is not treated, the bacteria continue to eat and destroy the skin and the underlying tissue until it affects the muscle. On reaching this point, there is no way of saving the patient unless the infected region is eliminated through a surgical procedure to avoid further spreading of the bacteria. Apart from causing the tissue to die, the bacteria also causes other body organs to undergo systematic shock. This is what results to multi-organ failure or low blood pressure. Basically speaking, the disease can cause the failure of all organs of the body (Schwartz and Kapila, 2010).

Diagnosis
The infection is diagnosed depending with the rate that the symptoms appear and the rate at which the infection is spreading. The physical appearance of the skin is one of the possibilities of the infection. This may appear in conjunction with pain, fever and chills. The doctor can test the infected tissue for the possibility of necrotizing fasciitis. This is done by swab-streaking the affected region and then viewing the organisms under a microscope. Some of the tests that are used to look at the damage to the organs or the level at which the infection has spread include x ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography scans (CT scans) (Schwartz and Kapila, 2010). These are very significant procedures in the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Necrosis can be revealed during respiratory surgical operation. This is the procedure that is referred to as exploratory surgery. During this procedure samples are collected on any event of bacterial infection. The most important and the best diagnosis of the infection is visual, that is, identification of the symptoms.  X ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography scans (CT scans) are used to reveal the underlying skin (Tilden, 2007). These procedures are utilized in showing the fatherly patterns in the tissue that result from buildup of gas in dying tissues. CT scans displays gas collected in the soft tissue from persistence Group A Streptococci (Lee, Carrick and Scott et al, 2007).  

Treatment of necrotizing fasciitis
The infection is treatable and once treated it is unlikely to recur. This is because once the bacteria are completely eliminated from the body, they move out completely. The initial treatment of the bacteria starts once they start entering the body through broken section of the skin. This is automatic through the defense mechanism of the body. Nevertheless, this is not possible with more dangerous and uncommon strains of organisms. The macrophages cannot be able to fight such bacteria and this is what results to the need of antibiotics. The condition requires fast, aggressive treatment that includes antibiotics and surgical debridement. Some of the antibiotics that are common in the treatment of necrotizing fasciitis are penicillin, an aminoglycoside or third-generation cephalosporin. The choice of antibiotics is usually based on the type of the bacteria. However, many of the physicians have the belief that a combination of antibiotics is necessary for protecting the patient from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (George, 2004). There are other medications such as analgesics that are used to relieve pain in the process of surgical debridement. The choice of the type of surgeon who carries out the surgery depends on the infected area. In this process the dead tissues are removed to hinder spreading. During the period of treatment, the patient requires hospitalization and immediate use of intravenous antibiotics (Schwartz and Kapila, 2010).

Over the treatment period, the place that is operated on is left open for sometime for later reinspection. This is aimed at ensuring that there is no further damage is being caused to the remaining tissue. The surgical site is only closed after the physicians carrying out the operation are sure the infection has been completely eliminated. The wound is mostly closed through skin grafting. This marks the beginning of the healing process. The healing process may involve a long period of physical rehabilitation. The patient also requires a long period of psychological, emotional and spiritual healing.  Once the patient has undergone the operation, he or she is closely monitored to check for further infection, shock or any other complication that may arise. Another procedure that can be employed in case it is available is hyperbaric oxygen therapy (Lee, Carrick and Scott et al, 2007).

Risk factors and complications
Very few people who come into contact with Group A Streptococci, will contract Group A Streptococci infection. Most of the people with the bacteria may develop throat or skin infection without any signs of necrotizing fasciitis. Despite the fact that even people with good health can acquire invasive Group A Streptococci infection, only those with chronic ailments are at higher risks (Kotrappa, Bansal and Amin, 1996).

Conclusion and recommendations
Necrotizing fasciitis is an uncommon disease, but can affect any person despite of the geographical location. Before and since its identification and description, a lot of people have suffered from it, with some dying. Spreading of this disease, like many others can be lowered by maintaining good hygiene. Proper washing of hands, particularly after sneezing or coughing and before food preparation and eating is vital to control the spreading of the disease. When one is suffering from sore throat, it is important to see a doctor immediately to find out the cause. Wounds should always be kept clean and continually monitored for signs of infection (PM Medical Health News, 2009). Any reddening, swelling, pain at the part where the wound is should be investigated by a doctor. Any person with signs of infection on a wound, particularly if it is accompanied by fever should seek medical attention. There are cases where antibiotic therapy is necessary for people exposed to patients of necrotizing fasciitis. This decision should be reached under a doctors directive. More research is necessary to clear all misunderstood and unclear issues concerning the disease. For example, researches have not revealed the reasons why the usually mild Group A Streptococcus infection at times gets to be more severe risk. Researchers are not sure the reason why this group might lead to mild infections to some people and life-threatening infections to others (PM Medical Health News, 2009).

Mitosis is defined as the process of cellular reproduction leading new cells identical in terms of the number and pattern of genes and chromosomes. Meiosis on the other hand is form of cell reproduction that leads to the formation of cells having different gene patterns as only 50 percent of chromosomes are from the original cell (Rieder, 1999).

Both mitosis and meiosis are similar in that as methods of reproduction both result into new cells or organisms. In mitosis, this is realized by splitting the cell into two identical cells. On the other hand, by combining two different cells and then dividing, meiosis reproduces new cells. Thus, both lead to growth and reproduction on cell-based organisms (Cregan, 2010).

Nevertheless, these two reproduction methods are quite different. First, mitosis, as split of cells oversees growth and replenishment of body organs and tissues especially in multi-cellular organisms (Rieder, 1999). This is because it leads to creation of identical cells for tissue formation while meiosis involves creation of ovum and sperm cells for the purposes of reproduction.

Secondly mitosis and meiosis have the resulting daughter cells being of different chromosomal patterns. Mitosis involves the splitting of a cell thus it produces daughter cells with two complete set of chromosomes and of the same genetic markup (Cregan, 2010). On the contrary, due to combing and splitting, meiosis have its daughter cells having only 50 of the original cells chromosomes.

In addition, mitosis is best suited for reproduction process by single cell organisms. This is because the process ensures identical reproduction of cells both in genes and number of chromosomes. On the other hand, meiosis can for multi-cellar organism and cannot be useful for tissue replenishment.

Discussion
A summer picnic is comprised of many activities such as swimming, mountain climbing, sporting and dining. These activities expose members to various health hazards risks, from minor injuries such as cuts, bruises, injuries to serious accidents such as drowning and suffocation. (Robert, 2001).  No one wants to think about getting sick or hurt during a trip, but sometimes these things happen. You may not be able to prevent every illness or injury, but you can plan to be able to deal with them. The following are some of summer health dangers and to you can avoid them
       
Skin cancer is a risk that depends on several factors. Long exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun increases the risk of developing skin cancer. Other risk factors for developing skin cancer are a family history of melanoma, a skin that burns or freckles easily, and a light skin. Skin cancer can be prevented by using a sunscreen cream, or wearing a sunhat if you are planning to be outdoors for an extended period.

The season is usually characterized with eating outdoors or packing food to the picnic site. This increases chances of food poisoning because of exposing the food to food- borne bacteria. This can be prevented by keeping the food at proper temperature and by throwing away food if let out on the table for more than two hours. Planning for the right amount of food to pack is also important in order to reduce chances of having leftovers. Water safety is also important to check on. Drinking water should be treated and if there is not a safe source of water, water jugs and soap should be used for cleaning hands or the disposable towelettes should be used. The utensils should be well cleaned and properly stored.
           
Dehydration is another risk factor. Due to strenuous activities that are done during picnicking at the heat of the summer, the body loses a lot of water especially due to sweating. (Roberts, 2001).  It is important to have enough water throughout the picnic period to drink when it is humid or hot in order to replace lost fluids.
         
A picnic in an open area presents the chances of attack by parasites and other insects. For example mosquitoes, which not only transmit vectors but also, causes irritation due to its bite. Apart from mosquitoes, examples of other organisms that can cause diseases include tsetse flies, which cause sleeping sickness in human, leech, which an ecto-parasite sucks, blood from the host and insects such as the bees (Parturas, 2001). The bites can be prevented by avoiding buggy areas and by using insects repellants on the skin and on clothing.  Avoiding areas with stagnant water is also recommended to reduce the number of mosquitoes. Wearing long pants or sleeves is also good when walking during dawn at dusk.
     
Poor ventilation is another possible risk factor during summer picnics not only to people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but can cause headaches and breathing difficulties to other people. (Parturas, 2001).  To avoid such a case, quality of air in the place to enter should be considered before setting out for the picnic. First aid kits should also be carried along to the site of picnic. The kit should be well stocked and should be readily available in case of an emergency.

It is therefore crucial to take summer safety more seriously than the preparations for enjoying the sun and the fun that comes with it.

A great number of people nowadays experience various types of allergies to specific antigens like dust, dirt or animals and in many cases, such kind of allergies leave notable effects into the physical and physiological facets of the person. On the physical aspect, people with allergies exhibit coughing and difficulty of breathing while on the physiological aspect, the lungs and many other respiratory organs encounter abnormal changes that may lead to detrimental effects if not attended properly. One of the respiratory organs that are considered to be compromised during an allergy attack is the larynx, also called the voice box, but scientific evidence to support this claim has been lacking for the past 40 years (Dworkin et al., 2009).

In order to address this knowledge gap, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sequential dust mite antigen stimulation on the voice box of a person more specifically on  its morphology and function. The research design was composed of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective study which made use of 20 healthy but dust-mite-allergic patients, aged 18-70, from the Wayne State Universitys Department of Otolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery in Detroit (Dworkin et al., 2009). Informed consent was obtained from all of the participants before the experimentation, an event that was characterized of the exposure to D. pteronyssinus antigen which is also the confirmed allergen for the attacks of the participants as confirmed by screening skin-prick test and glycerin control. Other screening methods were employed to counter-check the fitness of the patients for the study and at the end of these tests, only three patients passed and completed the procedures. Two of the participants were part of the experimental group while the last one served as the control patient and received only placebo. Seven steps highlighted the laboratory testing battery for the two groups and these are composed of the following FEV spirometry test, Voice Handicap Index questionnaire completion, Sinus Symptom Questionnaire completion, videotroboscopic examinations of the larynx, acoustic characteristics of the larynx, recording of the digital audio voice, and finally, exposure to either the antigen or placebo (Dworkin et al., 2009). Early termination of the study was implemented after the two experimental patients manifested adverse effects after antigen exposure, however, this event did not hinder the authors from obtaining substantial amount of data for analysis.

Results showed that endolaryngeal secretions were produced in response to antigen exposure but the source of this mucus was not clear. Furthermore, due to the limited number of participants who were used in this study and the early termination of the procedures, a direct cause-and-effect relationship between laryngeal inflammation and allergy attack was not established in this study. However, present patophysiological findings regarding larynx inflammation after exposure to dust-mite antigen prove that a correlation exists between the two and are physically manifested through throat clearing and coughing (Dworkin et al., 2009).

In general, this study provides possible explanation on the relationship of chronic laryngitis, laryngeal dysfunction, and laryngopharyngeal reflux to allergic attacks. Future investigators may utilize the findings in this study to further explore if vocal abuse and other voice-related properties may be predisposing factors to laryngitis and if allergic attacks may play an essential part in the physiology of the patients. Aside from this, it is also noteworthy to emphasize the ethical decision of the investigators to stop the procedures when they found out that the wellness of the participants are being compromised. In a study that involved the utilization of humans as subjects, the authors made it a point to consider their patients prior to the concerns of the study. Moreover, this event did not prevent the authors to come up with a well-structured report that is clearly explained and was backed up by comprehensively gathered scientific literature. Consequently, the pitfalls on the methodology was compensated by producing a quality paper and maximizing every information that they were able to derive in the short span of experimentation process.

Our environment consists of various living and non-living components that play a big role in each of their corresponding field. Each and every component though serves different roles each and every one is mutually dependent on one another (Singha). Since these components are mutually dependent from one another, the biological organization would experience problems in more than one way (Singha). The levels of biological organization includes corresponding components that make up the whole biological organization, arranged from the smallest component to the largest component, each and every component serves their own importance in the whole biological organization.

The first level of the biological organization is the atoms. Atoms are described as the smallest unit of matter and is said to be the basic building blocks of matter (Singha). An atom consist three particles namely protons, neutrons and electrons (White). Protons contain positive electrical charges while neutrons do not contain any charge (White). With the combination of the positive charge of the proton and with the presence of a neutral neutron, when put together they form a positively charged nucleus in an atom (White). Most of the elements of an atom could be seen in the periodic table of elements. One example of atoms that our body needs is Oxygen. Oxygen constitutes about 65 of ones body weight (White). The function of oxygen in the human body could be found in both organic and inorganic compounds that are necessary for other chemical compounds (White). In order for atoms to achieve physical homeostasis, the atom emits excess energy, most commonly known as radiation, from the nucleus of the atom itself (New Jerusalem Network).

The second level of the biological organization is molecules. Molecules are formed when two atoms of the same element is united (White). One of the known molecules that could be found among humans is called Deoxyribonucleic Acid also known as DNA. Every nucleus of a living cell contains DNA, this molecule is said to have something to do with heredity (May). Each and every person has a unique DNA pattern, no two are alike, and this is why it is said that DNA could be used as a means of identification (May). At molecular level, homeostasis operates to regulate organic molecules production (Homeostasis of Molecules).

After atoms combine to form a molecule the next level the biological organization is the organelle. An organelle is a structure found inside a eukaryotic cell and its main function is to carry out specific functions to the specific cells (Wesolowski). Organelles are usually found in eukaryotic cells, that is why it is said that an organelle is the highest level of biological organization that is not considered living (Wesolowski). To maintain homeostasis in an organelle, organelles act within each cell and a one celled organism (Bein).

The fourth level of the biological organization is the cell. Cells are considered as the smallest unit of life and are often called the building blocks of life (White). The cell is the smallest level that is able to survive independently (Wesolowski). Cells are divided into two types prokaryotic and eukaryotic (Wesolowski). In homeostasis cells must makes sure to sustain a stable environment and cells must be able to reproduce by themselves whenever the body needs it (Homeostasis of Cells).

From atoms, to molecules, to organelles and cells, the fifth level of biological organization is the tissue. Tissues are made up of group of cells that could may or may not have the same characteristics (Singha). Tissues carry out particular function for a multi-cellular organism (Wesolowski). Homeostasis in tissues involves the preservation of balance within a specific tissue of an organism to control the proliferation of cells and the metabolic functions (Wesolowski).

The next level of the biological organization is the organ. Organs are formed when the different types of tissues are grouped together in an organized manner to form of what we know now as an organ (Singha). Some examples of organs that are made out of organized and grouped tissue are brain, lungs, kidneys, stomach, and many more (Singha). The organs in homeostasis do not over and under work because each organ assists the role of each organ (Beers).

After the organs comes the level of the organ system. The organ system is a group of organs that works together in order to carry out a bigger role particularly for multi-cellular organisms (Wesolowski). Since in organ system a group of organ is set to perform a specific task, each and every organ makes sure that to maintain homeostasis each and every organ should not underwork and overwork and that each organ would facilitate the functions of each other (Beers).

The last level of organization is the organism. An organism is said to be any form of life just like humans, animals, plants and many more (Singha). The term organism is said to be synonymous with life on Earth (Wesolowski). This is because what makes up an organism are all considered living. Homeostasis in organisms like humans, it should involve regular examination of facts including gases and other necessary substances (US Times Media). This goes to show that in order to meet the principle of homeostasis it involves all the previous levels of biological organization.

From the level of atoms to the level of organism it could be seen how each level is related to one another. This only proves that each level, though they may serve different and important functions, they still work side-by-side in completing the biological organization that would likely suffer when one level would be affected. .