Biology

Healthy foods have been associated with healthy lifestyles. Several diets have been implicated for various disorders in humans while others have been identified as remedies to some health conditions which may arise after infections or mistakes in metabolic pathways in the body. Nutritionists have argued that the closer the food is to its natural state, the higher the benefits to human health. For instance, when an individual seriously craves for sweets, he or she can take berries and other fresh fruits to neutralize the craving.

Healthy eating has widely been accepted by doctors and nutritionist as a channel to longevity and prosperous health. Eating is therefore an important event in everyday life and it is part of the human culture. It is the food the humans eat that provides them with the energy to perform tasks. From the foods, humans can fight infections and maintain good health and vigor. Although humans are born with a strong desire to eat and grow up with great eating traditions, they have not mastered which foods may harm them or which ones may affect them. Perhaps the confusion has come from health experts who may advise on a little alcohol to fight heart disease and also warn of alcohol in cancer causes.

It is recommended to take whole vegetables for they have plenty of vitamins as well as mineral salts. This implies that individuals are likely to stay healthy when taking more fresh and green vegetables as well as fruits. It has also been observed that food eaten by individuals can sometimes cause conflicts. This is the reason why most parents are cautious about what their children are eating they may even bribe the children to eat healthy foods. Nutritional experts have identified healthy foods as well as those foods that can be dangerous to human health.

Healthy foods have been said to fight against free radicals which might cause a lot of harm to the body. Free radicals are chemicals containing oxygen and an impaired or free electron. The free electron makes the free radicals to be highly reactive to the human DNA, cell membranes and some other cell machineries. This as a result causes immense oxidative damages such as protein dysfunction, DNA mutations and organelles and membrane distortions. The mistakes in DNA replication and regulation can result to dangerous effects which can range from reduced functionality to a complete shut down in function. Citrus fruits and a range of vitamin C containing fruits and vegetables can help silence the oxidative effect of the radicals.

It is the lack of eating healthy that people age quickly. Healthy eating protects individuals from factors that promote aging. The foods can prevent age-related disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and collapse of the immune system, cataracts and brain dysfunction. Some of the dangers that may contribute to aging are oxidative free radicals such as hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, lipid hydroperoxides, lipid epoxides, lipid alkoyl, oxides and hydroxyl radicals. Fortunately, the food available to man can counter all these harmful compounds either produces in normal metabolic processes or obtained from the foods eaten.

An example of diseases that is related to the foods eaten by humans is coronary heart disease. The disease is characterized by the blockade of the coronary arteries which ultimately result into a reduced blood flow to the muscles of the heart. This immensely deprives the heart of the critically needed oxygen. The clogging of the coronary arteries, also known as arteriosclerosis, is a condition which begins with the streaking in of fats in the layers that line the arterial walls. These streaks are slowly transformed into plaque-fatty tissue with a scar which bulges into the opening of the artery.

An increasing debate has been witnessed in the area of cholesterol and the foods that are rich in cholesterol. Perhaps to narrow down, bad cholesterol which doctors refer to low density lipoproteins (LDL) is the foremost enemy of human health (Harvard School of Public Health, 2010). This compound can be found in eggs and other fatty foods with trans fats. The explanation makes it clear that it is not the amount of fats one consumes that causes diseases but the type of fats.

The trans fats or the saturated fats have been found to increase the propensity of some poor health conditions while polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids or good cholesterol or high density lipoproteins (HDL) have been found to reduce risks of disease attacks. Therefore avoiding trans fats is recommendable for good health. However, as much as cholesterol may be perceived as an enemy to human health, it is essential in membrane stabilization and cell-to-cell communications. People can readily obtain the polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids from fish and nuts and these food sources can greatly lower the existing levels of LDL.

Nutrition has also been identified to be an important factor in the boosting of the brain power. Scientists have been able to study the ability of humans to remember and linked this capacity to some biomolecules specifically in the biomembranes. The lipopolysaccharides and neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and dopamine have been found to cause attentiveness or alertness in individuals which can increase the concentration level which is important in learning process. In general, the brain power in humans is characterized by the alertness, concentration and how energetic the brain response to specific tasks is. Serotonin, another neurotransmitter calms the brain and makes the brain fuzzy and drowsy.

Important foods that contain isoflavonones can protect the human body against cancer effects. Soy beans provide a good source of isoflavones although the content of the compound varies with the time of harvest as well as the geographic location. The isoflavones which are important anticancer belong to a general class of flavonoids which almost resemble the female hormone estrogen in structure. Doctors have drawn an important hypothesis that isoflavonoids such as daizein and genistein act by blocking estrogen from binding to its targets. The binding of estrogen to the receptors is an important step in the cause of breast cancers which are hormone-dependent.

In general, foods can provide good health to humans and at the same time cause disorders. It all depends on how man will be able to differentiate between the good foods and the bad foods. Junk foods can be sweet but they can cause detrimental problems in humans. Individuals eating too much junk end up growing obese and increases chances of heart attack. Basically, it is recommended that people eat lots of roughages and take plenty of fluids which can help in the digestion. Fruits play important roles in fighting infections as they contain a number of vitamins. Proteins which are also important classes of foods and found in beef, milk and eggs are important sources of building biomolecules that act as enzymes, hormones and important macromolecules.

Question 1
As people become old, osteoporosis becomes a major decisive factor in the quality of life lived by an individual. Just like a muscle becomes bigger and stronger as one uses, so does a bone becomes denser and stronger when regularly exercised. Running helps to prevent the probability of getting osteoporosis since it increases coordination of the person. The strength of the muscles also gradually increases with increase in the duration of training which a crucial factor in stability of the person. With appropriate training procedure, the person is able to keep proper balance thus decreasing the likelihood of unprecedented falls during old age that may lead to broken and fractured bones.
 
In addition, running is an important, effective and a feasible exercise that strengthens bones by increasing their density. Denser bones increase the resistance of being fractured easily. Again, the resistance exercise (running) stimulates the bone formation. This is because the bones experience the physical impacts and support of body weight during the training that acts as major factors of bone formation. However running does not help all the skeletal system but the individual bones that are involved in the exercise.

Question 2
The biological purpose of PTH (parathyroid hormone) is to regulate the blood calcium level and secondly to regulate the bone calcium contents. Its crucial to regulate the above named because their extremes in the blood can be lethal. In hyperparathyroidism, the excessive production of PTH elevates the quantity of osteoblasts. The consequence of this chronic secretion of the PTH hormone leads to decalcification of the bones, loss of bone mass and the making them porous.
 
Vitamin D is used for maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and aids in the process of absorption of calcium that helps in the formation and maintenance of strong bones. In this regard, provision of vitamin D gives protection from osteoporosis. It is hard to get too much vitamin D from sunlight or food consumed. However it can be gotten as a result of taking supplements of vitamin D in large dosages of which doesnt help but may lead to excessive calcification of bones, bone pains, thirst and urge to urinate frequently.

Question 3
Scoliosis can be gotten by asymmetric weakness of the back muscles. The human spine is an engineering phenomenon that supports the body weight and holds the whole body together. This spinal column comprises of a hoard of small bones ranging from 2-3 inches to 5-6 inches size in diameter. Scoliosis happens whenever the spinal column curves to the side when you look at it from the front view, and the comprising vertebra also twists on its neighbor in a corkscrew fashion.

Lordosis is the one that can result from pregnancy since a persons lower back naturally has an inward curve. If there is an excessive inward curve the condition is referred to as lordosis. Besides pregnancy, lordosis can be caused by spinal problems inherent at birth, excessive weight and staying sitted for long periods. The body gets used to these positions and as a result, some muscles get shorter, stiffer, stretched and ultimately weaker. Hitherto, the person concerned may start experiencing lower back pains since it gets all the support work which results in fatigue and pain as sometimes portrayed by pregnant women.

Question 4
In the lower limb there are three bones that make up ankle joint.The long bones that point straight and upward are known as the tibia and the fibula. These bones do connect with the top most part of the foot that is called the talus. The interconnections of these bones form a very significant joint the hinge joint. According to the mechanism of hinge joints, they allow movement in one direction of which in this case its medial thus the ease of moving the foot medially with ease.
   
The wrist joint being one of the most complex joints in the body, is actually made up of multiple joints and bones that enables us to use our hands to perform many different  tasks and move them in different directions. The joint is made by the proximal row comprising of the carpal bones connecting with the radius and the ulna (bones of the forearm).The arrangement of these multiplicity joints in the wrist enables it to move efficiently-- medially than laterally since they can cover a winder angle of a sweep.

According to the World Health Organization in their Pandemic Preparedness article, a disease epidemic occurs when there are more cases of that disease than normal. A pandemic is a worldwide epidemic of a disease.1 More specifically, an epidemic is a temporary increase of the occurrence of a disease or disorder affecting man to a great extent that indicates an imbalance in the forces regulating the occurrence of the disease in the population. The affirmation of its existence is based on the comparison of the number of cases presently occurring with the number of cases considered as usual for that place in a specific age group at a given time. For example, a rise in the number of diseases is not alarming if it coincides with the season that is considered normal for that disease.

Presently, with the current trends in globalization wherein global transport is no longer impossible and trading of goods and services occurs worldwide, a pandemic is typically to occur and spread faster. Urbanization likewise results in the congestion of cities that serves as the center of economics and commerce and results in overcrowding in some areas that further facilitate the spread of diseases.

On the other hand, modernization and developments in medicine also has a positive effect in the control and eradication of diseases. Before, pandemics and epidemics resulted in many deaths and social disruption. Now, with good surveillance and monitoring of diseases worldwide, people are more prepared and aware on the proper control and prevention of diseases. Vaccines have also been developed that has been proven effective in the eradication of deadly diseases as exemplified by the eradication of the smallpox virus as well as the control of many diseases through immunization programs for children.

In summary, if a pandemic occurs today it is expected to spread rapidly due to globalization. On the other hand, such diseases can also be controlled and prevented with proper surveillance and health practices through the combined efforts of people worldwide.

Safety Culture
Considering that one is working for an insulation installation company, it must be understood that there are several safety issues related to ones job. One issue which can be seen is the issue of whether the employees of the insulation installation company are properly trained. It could be said that if they are not properly trained, they could pose harm to themselves and to their clients, for the insulation they install may be weak or faulty.

Another issue is whether the employees are properly briefed about safety measures whenever they are on their job. It is important that the company is encouraging employees to protect themselves whenever they are working, since installation safety is very important into ensuring that the employees are not exposed to potential hazards. In fact, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor (2010), installation workers can experience quite a number of illnesses and injuries from their jobs, since their work involves exposure to insulating irritants. Also, another safety issue would be whether the employees are provided with the proper equipment, as well as the proper protection devices in order to prevent or minimize the negative effects of their exposure to the irritants. This is necessary because, as said in the previous paragraph, exposure may cause illnesses.

Amongst these issues, the most vital would be the issue regarding whether the employees are properly briefed on safety measures. It must be understood that if the employees are not properly briefed, they might experience accidents or perhaps contract illnesses due to the nature of their work. If this issue would be viewed using the functionalism approach, it could be said that the company needs to do communicate safety measures to its employees because the company is not really a company without its employees. The functionalism approach states that all aspects of society should work together in order to properly function in analogy to the insulation installation company, all of its aspects employees included should work together in order to meet the common goal.

Elements of the Human-Centered Design
The human-centered design is described as the process of the ensuring that the values, perceptions, and concerns in a certain  design effort are all balanced and taken into consideration. While user-centered design focuses on a the primary stakeholder in the design effort, the human-centered process is more focused on every single stakeholder in the design. It is suggested that the success (or failure) of a design, a product, or a service is largely dependent not merely on one individual. Other team players, such as those involved in the  process of design, development, fielding, and ongoing use of products and services  also have a lot of influence on the probable outcome.

Given this information, it could be said that the various individuals whom are part of the processes are among the most important elements for the design of a system, or perhaps a product such as consumer technology. However, apart from the individuals themselves, there are other essential elements to the human-centered process.

Another essential element is that human-centered design should enable the enhancement of human abilities. The ultimate end, of course, is to create a product for consumers however, in order to be able to do such, the human-centered design must be able to enhance humans abilities in order this goal to be met. Another essential element is that the human-centered design should be able to help  overcome human limitations such as the human weakness of making mistakes. This element states that it is inevitable for humans to make mistakes therefore, the human-centered process should be able to lessen, if not completely eliminate this weakness. Lastly, the human-centered process should be able to  foster human acceptance. In order for organizations or companies to be able to design systems for consumer products, they must be able to make it absolutely clear, that all parts of the elements of the human-centered design process is vital to striving towards success.

General Characteristic of the species
Aeromonas species are ubiquitous water borne organisms. Aeromonas is a human pathogen causing extra-intestinal infection such as gastrointestinal infection, endocarditis, cellulites, wound infection, peritonitis, meningitis and supportive arthritis in patients, who are suffering from leukemia. Aeromonas hydrophila is a rod shaped, heterotrophic bacterium found mainly in warm climate in fresh, salt, marine, estuarine, chlorinated and un-chlorinated water.

Gram Reaction Aeromonas is a gram negative organism.
Respiration (aerobe or anaerobe)  Aeromonas hydrophila is able to live both in anaerobic and aerobic environment.

Sporulation Nonreverting beta-lactamase interrupts sporulation and cause fails to discharge free spores from sporangia. Endospores cannot be produced by Aeromonas hydrophila and it survives in 4 degree Celsius temperature.

Transient (is it normal flora in human body) Aeromonas has transient intestinal colonization of which there are many phenotypes of Aeromonas species during the life of first week of human body.
Scientific name of the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila . The five pathogens of aeromonas hydrophila, A. veronii A. caviae, A. schubertii A. jandaei. A. sobria. Aeromonas subsp  strains are A.
218, 495A2, A1, A6,ATCC 14715  LMG 13663, ATCC 14715
Taxonomy, Species Aeromonas hydrophila, Unlprot,

Virulence factors and activity of each Aeromonas hydrophila is isolated from warmer areas of southern Italy, but it also can be taken from different sources like human diarrhea cases and sea sedimentary areas. It has characteristics of production of protein virulence factors such as cytotoxins, dermonecroting factor, cytotonic toxins, hemolysins so that it can bind to intestinal 407 cells in vitro.
Capsule Aeromonas salmonicida grows in medium which is having surplus glucose by carbon source and it tends to produce capsular and has contact with contaminated water exocellular polysaccharides in which the capsular polysaccharide is composed of rhamnose, N-acetylmannosamine and manuronic acid, glucose and mannose.

Toxin Aeromonas salmonicida exoenzyme, which is a protein toxin, belongs to the family of ADP-ribosylating toxin.

Enzymes Aeromonas secretes enzymes like -lactamases, lipases, hemolytic enterotoxins, proteases, chitinases, nucleases and amylases.

Pili Aeromonas hydrophila has fimbriae (pili) which help aceria to attach the host organism to invade the cells. Aerolysin are activated by A.hydrophila when it attaches to organs or cells.

Flagella  Aeromonas hydrophila has two distinctive features namely a polar flagellum to swim in liquid and multiple lateral flagella to swim over surface areas.

Disease description Necrotizing fascitis is uncommon and highly life threatening soft tissue infection with high mortality rate. It is also known as flesh eating disease. Aeromonas hydrophila infection may cause necrotizing fascitis in patients with bones, trauma in aquatic regions and in patients with immune suppressed system. In severe cases, it mainly develops myonecrosis of lower limb along with toxic shock. It is seen in wound infections due to direct contact with brackish water.

Pathology When the Aeromonas hydrophila bacterium enters the body of victim, travels in the blood steam and it is ready to produce Aerolysin Cytotoxic Enterotoxin. This toxin causes tissue damage and mediates the pathogenic mechanism. Aeromonas hydrophila is considered as opportunistic pathogens because it infects the host when immune responses grow weaker. Type 3 secretion systems (TTSS) play a vital role in aeromonas pathogenesis by exporting virulence factor directly mediated to host cell.

Symptoms The three main major symptoms are cellulites, ecthyma gangrenosum and myonecrosis. In this condition the lower limb has worsened oedema and dermatoneurosis of the whole lower extremity. Early symptoms which we find in cellulities are progressive skin change  like skin ulceration ,fluid filled blisters as bullae ,necrotizing eschar. This infection results in gangrene at the site of necrotizing soft tissue

There is sudden onset of redness and swelling along with pain at the site of the wound. Infection of it results in fever. Diarrhoea,abdominal cramps,vomting  .

Mortality rate  Due to delayed treatment of septic shock there is an increase in morbidity and mortality rate. The positive predators of mortality confined by multivariate logistic regression analysis shows the presence of vibro infection, aeromonas infection, malignancy and hypotension. The presence of haemorraghic bullae is the negative predators of mortality rate. It significantly shows that there is decrease in mortality rate.

Population Effected The people who are believed to be susceptible having gastroenteritis, although it is more often seen in very young children.

People who are with impaired immune systems or underlying malignancy are  more susceptible to  severe infections would effect  by this bacterium.

Out comeThe outcome is frequent in which poor prognosis is seen in untreated fascitis  death and severe morbidity is high. In necrotizing fascitis mortality rate may be high 25. In patient with sepsis and renalfailure along with necrotizing fascitis mortality rate rate as high as  70. In multidrug resistance organisms and infection with MRSA may also have high morbidity and mortality rate.

Reservoir Aeromonas is predominantly found in salt and fresh water, sewage and soil. The bacterium is grown in warm climate, chlorinated, unchlorinated water and estuarine.

Mode of transmission Transmission occurs when it gets in contact with contaminated water, soil, food, feco oral route, injection of infected reptiles and fishes. It can also spread from person to person eg play groups, families etc.., where there is a breakdown of hand hygiene practices.

Season common for the disease Mainly it causes diseases during winter season.

Diagnosis Aeromonas hydrophila can be cultured and identified by necrotizing fascitis samples and blood.

Culture Real-time PCR is conducted to detect A.hydrophila ahh1 using DNA sample which was extracted from blood and isolated from necrotizing tissue in which ahh1 was positive.
Tissue biopsy It shows necrosis in the soft tissue muscles and fascia, subcutaneous abscess formation and hemorrhage and acute inflammation. In tissue culture it reveals that there is presence of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

ELISA test In this three murine MAbs 6F6, 9C10 and 6H4 usually screened by r-28 antigen based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay able to recognize vp28 vial protein on western bolt. In this an antigen capture ELISA (AC-ELISA) is developed by MAbs virtue.

Antibody triter Aeromonas hydrophila in which serum human T-cell lymph tropic virus type III antibody titer is positive in stools culture, so the organism is susceptible.

Treatment Necrotizing fascitis can be promptly identified and the foremost surgical intervention is the only treatment available. After surgical intervention, that includes anti-biotic therapy and supportive care. If the condition of lower extremity is worsened with severe oedema then dermatoneurosis amputation at the thigh is the only possible way to keep the patient alive. Debriment of the infected necrotizing soft tissue and fasciotomies should be done. Then initially the septic shock should be treated in emergency department and later surgical intervention is suggestible. Blood pressure need to be stabilized by giving vasopressors and broad spectrum antibiotics to control infection.

Antibiotic therapy To control the infection substances like florenicol, tetracycline, chloramphenacol, sulfonamide, nitrofurane and pyrodinecarboxyli acid are used. Terramycin placed in fish food by the time of hatchery operations is one of the chemotherapeutic agents.

Drug susceptibility A.Hydrophila is septable to broad spectrum aminoglycosifdes, cabamapenems, tetracyclines, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxale and quinnoles, cephalosporine.

Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila is resistant to Penicillin, ticarcillin, carbapencillin, ampicillin.
Susceptible to disinfectant 70 ethanol, 2 glutaral-dehydephenoles, iodines, 1 sodium hypochlorite and formaldehyde. Aeromonas hydrophila organism can be killed by using 2 calcium hypochlorite and 1sodium hypochlorite.

Immunization There is no specific vaccination to prevent this disease.
Conclusion Necrotizing fascitis is a rapidly progressive soft tissue infection mainly characterized by extensive myonecrosis of soft tissue and gangrenous lesion. Patients with clinical features of necrotizing fascitis should need deep biopsy specimen collected from necrotizing plaques to confirm the disease. To reduce the mortality and morbidity, the patient should immediately undergo surgical intervention.

Introduction- IVTC as a Technique
It has taken decades to develop the in vivo cryotechnique (IVCT), which is currently being used for examination of the functioning of morphology in the living animals and other organisms. Using IVTC the animals and organisms are cryofixed while the blood is still circulating, this way all the soluble components in the body fluids and structural features of the organism in vivo are easily captured in the frozen tissue specimen. The morphological data from the experiment represents the living state of the organisms cells when it was cryofixed. It has emerged in the recent years that IVCT could be used for immunohistochemical studies and also in the analysis of translocated signal molecules. IVCT has not been used for analysis of liver in living organisms. But in the present study the ever changing liver of a mouse is examined using different hemodynamic conditions of IVCT. The results from this experiment were compared with the one from the conventional chemical-fixation and QF In Vivo Cryotechnique (IVCT) to View Mouse Liver.

Using In Vivo Cryotechnique (IVCT) to examine the mouse liver with ultrastructural, immunohistochemical and histochemical analyses sinusoids are widely opened with numerous erythrocytes flowing in samples prepared by IVCT, this was observed under normal circulation. It was also observed that they were collapsing in arrested mice. On the other hand the sinusoidal cavities were dilated by perfusion-fixation and were observed to have collapsed by immersion-fixation and quick-freezing (QF) methods. The immunoreactivity of the serum albumin and immunoglobulin G and intensity of periodic acid-Schiff-straining in hepatocytes were well preserved with the QF method and IVCT. Then the tissue resection was rapidly converted into hepatocytes as was demonstrated by immunoreactions on the QF tissue frozen 1or 5mm after resection. In the IVCT sample the translocation was not observed this is an indication that IVCT might be important in the examination of cell membrane permeability of hepatocytes in different pathological environments. Immunodistribution and dynamic morphology of the soluble parts in the living organisms (mouse liver) showing the pathological and the physiological states can be precisely examined by in vivo cryotechnique (IVCT) producing higher resolution/

Purpose of Experiment
Both immunohistochemical and Morphological in the analyses of the livers of organisms and animals under abnormal blood circulation and normal conditions would be necessary as they yield important results that reflect the physiology andor pathology of the human liver.

Technique and Procedure
Perfusion-fixation and the alcohol-dehydration (PF-DH) After four mice had been starved for one day, then they were anaesthetized with inhalation of diethyl ether. Then liver was resected and immersed in the same fixative for a night embedded in paraffin wax.

Immersion- fixation process followed by alcohol-dehydration (IM-DH) After the mice were removed from the embedment of the paraffin they were buffered with PFA for microscopy. The specimens were embedded in paraffin wax for magnification to be achieved and those that were to be viewed under electron microscope were embedded in epoxy resins.

Quick- freezing process resected tissues that were freshly obtained (FQF) After the above procedure was achieved, the left lobe of the four specimen were removed from the four specimen under anesthesia and were then chipped into small pieces which were immersed into isopentane for freezing to take place. This process was followed by imbedding the pieces in paraffin wax.

IVCT under varying conditions of hemodynamic In this step sixteen specimens were required and thus 16 mice were anaesthetized and their left lobes were exposed as previously described above. The first four mice livers were cryofixed with IVCT. Four other mice were used in another experiment before IVCT their portal veins and hepatic arteries were ligated at 80min (IVCT-IC), then sham control was performed on another four mice and lastly the four final group of mice were sacrificed by introduction of excessive presence of anesthesia before IVCT, heart arresting.

Preparation of the tissues by PF-DH, IM-DH, FQF and perfusion-diffusion followed by quick freezing (PF-QF) During this step four mice that had not been starved were anaesthetized, their four left lobes were resected.

Conclusions Based on the Experiment Findings
In conclusion, IVCT is used in examination of dead morphology but the dynamic and functional living morphology of mouse livers under various physiological or pathological conditions. It is thus necessary to preserve soluble components like proteins and glycogen in hepacytes which were lost through routine chemical-fixation methods and was also used in the analysis of changes of permeability in cell membranes in hepacytes (Ohao, Terada and Ohno 384).

Morphological Analysis of Sinusoids
In the experiment above the sinusoidal cavities were found to be opened and they contained flowing erythrocytes. For FQF 1min the erythrocytes were almost fully collapsed. It was more obvious here than it was in IVCT-IC and after the sham no results were reflected. With congested erythrocytes they were found to be wider when under heart arrest. PF-DH, there were no erythrocytes observed but the sinusoids were widely opened.

Immunohistochemistry Results
One important benefit for IVCT freezing for organs in living organism is that tissue resection can be achieved without stoppage of blood circulation. The functioning structures of the living tissues that change under varying hemodynamic conditions can be detected by IVCr.

Results of PAS Staining
In the first experiment PAS products from all lobular were preserved by FQF but were partially lost in the peripheral cytoplasm around the centrilobular sinusoids PF-QF. There was more glucose in the periportal areas (PF-DF) and the PAS staining in the cytoplasm was weak in the hepatocytes that are located in the mid centrilobular areas (Ohao, Terada and Ohno 386).

The specimens for PAS staining are prepared through varying methods. Examination of soluble glycogen in hepatecytes by PAS staining of specimens that were prepared by IVCT, FQF and PF-QF followed. To minimize the differences in glycogen content in the tissue blocks, the liver specimens were taken from the same lobe of the mouse and they were examined under the same conditions.

Conclusions Drawn from Results of Experiment
It can be concluded that, IVCT enables us to examine the functionality and dynamicity of the living morphology of the mouse livers under different physiological and pathological conditions and is also important in preservation of proteins and glycogen in hepatocytes.

Extracellular Space in Mouse Cerebellar Cortex under In Vivo Cryotechnique
The method for preparing tissue specimen to be used for morphological analysis of the central nervous the convectional method for preparing tissue specimen for the morphological analysis of the central nervous system. The current study is done by analysis of ultra structures of the cerebellar cortex of the mouse. Also, Purkinje cell layers and molecular structures of the mouse cerebellum are prepared among cellular profiles and synaptic clefts.

Purpose of Experiment
The purpose of features of IVCr for the morphological analysis in vivo is the essence to obtain the analysis from the experiment on the mouse cerebellar cortex with anoxia caused by few artifacts during tissue preparation steps by the use of IVCr.

Conclusions Based on Experiment Findings
There are not much differences in the mean perisynaptic ECS between opened and enclosed synapses. The difference that suggests that the glial processes ensheathing synapses might extend the entire open perisynaptic ECS with a few structural changes to the nearby structures area insignificant. The glial cells observed to affect synaptic neurotransmission, also related to the structural development and restructuring of synapses.

Morphological Comparison among IVCr, FQF, and PF-DH
The ECS that were obtained with IVCr were lucking ischemia and were observed to be bigger than those obtained from freezing method. But the results were smaller than those obtained from ischemia after 30 seconds and also smaller than those obtained from IVCr after synaptic clefts.

Purpose of Experiment
Some of the important Hemodynamic factors in a kidney are blood pressure and blood flow. They determine the native morphology of glomerular blood capillary loops in kidneys of a living mouse. The purpose of this experiment therefore is to examine the topographical changes in serum proteins, immunoglobulin and albumin passing through the capillary loops (glomerular) and how these proteins are taken back into the renal proximal tubules using immunohistochemistry and in vivo cryotechnique.

Technique and Procedure
The experiment method in use starts with the use of anesthesia on twelve to twenty gram adult mice using sodium pentobarbital. The second step involves opening of the abdominal cavity of four mice. The detection of left kidneys is done under normal circulation of blood. This group of mice is used as a control group. The next group of four mice is used to study glomerular leakage and the following reabsorption of the serum proteins in the renal tubules. For the purpose of use in this step, a mouse with acute renal hypertension is used. The mouse is prepared by the way of ligation of abdominal aorta. In vivo cryotechnique is performed using different blood flows.

Conclusions Based on Experiment Findings

HE staining with IVCT
The renal interstitium between the normotensive tubules had a wide open peritubular space in the normal state. Some Lumina spaces found in the proximal tubules in vivo were however not visible as they were too narrow. The bowmans space and the luminal spaces became wider in the renal cortices.

Immunolocalization of Albumin and IgG in Renal Proximal Tubules
The process revealed immunoreaction products of both IgG and albumin in the blood vessels and at interstitium in renal tubules. Albumin Immunolocalization was partially found in apical parts of renal tubules during the normotensive condition.

Immunolocalization of Immunoglobulin Light or Heavy Chain in Proximal Tubules
The Lambda and the Kappa light chains immunolabelling became easy to detect at hypertensive condition at the apical cell membrane of most proximal tubules. The antibody against IgG-1 heavy chain was however not immunoreacted in the proximal tubules but only in interstitium and peritubular capillaries.

Immunolocalization of albumin and IgG by conventional fixation
Both albumin and IgG were immunolocalized in the bowman spaces and also along apical membranes of the cell of the proximal tubules. The glomerular blood vessels were also partially washed and slightly immunostained due to fixation of perfusion.

Conclusions Drawn from Results of Experiment
The effects of Hemodynamic factors in a kidney in different conditions were observed. These factors have been identified among those that affect the abnormal leakage of the serum proteins, a situation which leads to proteinuria in pathological and experimental state in animal kidneys. In such a case, more proteins are reabsorbed in the renal proximal tubules. The above experiments have helped in establishing that the present in vivo cryotechnique can provide stopped images of functional renal tissues in a living mouse as well as distribution of filtered serum proteins and distribution in the renal proximal tubules.

Global health ethics and is an elaboration of how scientist especially biologists contribute to the integrity of science in the public. A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biological fields through the study of life. They study organisms and their relationships to their environment. They majorly involve themselves in basic research and they try to invent underling theories that control how organisms work. Most a time, a biologist tries to develop and improve medical, agricultural and industrial processes in diverse fields.

Scientists have contributed a lot to the integrity of science in the public. Particularly, biologists have tried to make life so simple through their several researches that they engage themselves in. Most important of all, our lives rely on these biologists because it is them who find the diseases that affect our lives and further still they try and identify the possible cures to them. Scientists most a time conduct their researches in laboratories with the help of wide variety of other relevant equipments. Some further still use animals and other organisms including plants in their experiments. This mostly happens to botanists, zoologists, and physiologists. Other researches can also take place outside the laboratories when it is necessary. Scientists often work in teams, interacting with engineers, scientists of other disciplines, business managers and even technicians. Examples of biologists include zoologists, botanists, microbiologists, biophysicists, ecologists and computational biologists among others.

In our contemporary societies, scientists and biologists in particular, provide much knowledge needed for progress in technology and medicine. Preferably, we provide the knowledge and understanding needed to make good social decisions on the issues like how to avoid terrible damage our environment or how to deal with epidemics. Certainly, there are mistakes everywhere but a biologist tries as much possible to ensure his or her work is not used for destructive purposes.

Biological reasoning is developed out of philosophy with the need for understanding how things around us work. Scientists are often persons who want to see change taking place in all that they do. They want to know why things happen the way they do. Biologists have the will to explore and discover. They use their resources to bring about change, whether it is a change in medicine, improvements in the environment or creating more efficient recourses. The role of biomedical scientists in an area such as surgery includes tests for emergency and other infections. The successful performance of this key role in modern healthcare relies on the accuracy and efficiency of work by biomedical scientists because patients lives and the treatment of illness depend on their skill and knowledge.

Biologists have helped a great deal in the informal education sector, for instance, in the science centers. Biologists have participated on the boards of science centers, planetariums, environmental centers and even museums to review science contents of scripts for science exhibits, planetarium shows or even environmental programs. They have also involved in giving talks to science centers. Further still, they have collaborated in the creation of museums for science exhibitions and planetarium shows. Biologists have served as science co-coordinators for even scouts troops. This gives explanations of how scientists, particularly biologists, have helped to the integrity of science to the public.

Most scientists have participated in some form of communication of research to non specialist audiences in the past years and this has greatly contributed to the integrity of science in different parts of the world. The research findings have been of great help to both the scholars and even science tutors. Despite the fact that these scientists do not have well communicative skills to educate the public about the social and ethical implications of their researches, they have still managed to encourage institutions to use the research findings that help them in different fields. Biologists support hospital blood banks and the transfusion service. They prepare blood transfusions and plasma fractions to administer to patients and are responsible for ensuring that the blood groups of both donors and patients are compatible. With this knowledge, the biologists have helped the nurses and doctors in various hospitals of the world to manage their professions with keen ness.

Biologists have helped speak out in support of professional development opportunities for teachers of various fields. This has been enabled through a one on one talk between a biologist and a teacher, or even through presentations in teacher workshops or some aspect of science. This contributes to the integrity of the science by implementing the curriculum of the teacher, or even by hiring the teacher as an intern in the science research institution. Biologists have further helped integrate science knowledge in schools of education as they promote the subjects that are science related. This has been achieved by teaching a science course or workshop segment for pre-service teachers. Further still, the biologists have collaborated with education faculty to improve courses on teaching science (Michael, 65). This has led to development of more science courses in the teaching curriculum for teachers-to-be.

Sciences and biologists in particular have spoken out in professional meetings about the importance and value of science involvement in systemic change. They have further reviewed science standards for science accuracy and the stat framework for science education. They have collaborated on writing and adapting science standards. They have also made the public participate on state boards for adoption of standards, instructional materials or teacher certification.

Biologists have had talks with school students and participated in many science activities with the students. They have helped students in their science research projects and they have mentored the students in their laboratories so as to educate the students on the importance of science to the environment and further discussions with students including the one on one talk have helped in integrating the public on science.