Biology

John Snow felt that Cholera was caused by polluted water in which water supplies were contaminated with feces.  In supporting his hypothesis, he opted to conduct his research by the application of logical reasoning.  He was not skilled in the art of scientific matters of a preliminary basis.  However, his conductive reasoning was logical in following a pattern of evidence that proposed to him the findings leading to the cause of Cholera, and its subsequent spread to such a vast percentage...

NMR is a technique vastly used for studying biological molecules, crystalline structures, molecular physics and non-crystalline structures. It is based on the fact that all nuclei that have odd number of protons have a magnetic field  and electromagnetic pulse or pulses. Nuclei absorb energy from these electromagnetic pulses and then rediate it back in the form of resonance frequency. The strength of resonance frequency is directly proportional to the strength of applied electromagnetic pulses....

Phalaenopsis has established itself as the most valuable potted plants (18 million pots in sold in 2003, compared to mere 50,000 plants in 1983 in Dutch flower auctions Lopez and Runkle, 2005). In the USA Phalaenopsis alone tops with 70 - 90 of the entire Orchid group (Griesbach, 2002 Nash, 2003). Aesthetic beauty appeal, possibly olfactory attractions and the distinctly unique shelf life of these flowers even for as much as 4 long months and in a very wide spectrum of floral colors and color combinations...

Hepatitis is the injury to the liver with inflammation of the liver cells.1 It is commonly caused by a virus and the usual etiologic agents are named hepatitis A, B, C, D, E viruses.2 Drugs or alcohol use can also lead to hepatitis.3 However, most liver damage is caused by hepatitis A, B, and C viruses.1 Serious cases can lead to life-threatening complications like liver cirrhosis (scarring), liver failure and liver cancer.4  The typical symptoms of hepatitis are jaundice (the yellowish discoloration...

Staphylococcus aureus is a widely spread microorganism on the body surfaces (especially on the skin and the mucous membranes such as nose) of human beings and warm blooded animals. Scientifically, this organism is classified as follows kingdom, bacteria phylum, firm cutes class, bacilli order, bacillales family, staphylococcaceae genus, staphylococcus and species, staphylococci. The organism has the ability to produce toxins and cause food poisoning as well as making direct infections that causes...

UTSC Student Number Due to high radiation, too much sunlight can be harmful to plants and thus compensate their ability to photosynthesize. Photosynthesis has important byproducts essential to the environment and the plant itself. Extreme sunlight may give rise to high temperature that result to faster transpiration rate of plants and destruction of the cell membrane. This further leads to impaired growth, cell destruction and plant death. Thus, it is essential to determine plant mechanisms and...

Abstract Oil supertanker wrecks and breaches have devastated several pristine ocean habitats during the past 40 years. The oil spills from these disasters, often spreading hundreds or thousands of square miles across the water surface, have killed millions of birds and animals and have thrown vast ecosystems into great and enduring turmoil. The Exxon-Valdez in 1989 and the Amoco Cadiz in 1978 are prime examples of such largely preventable and unnecessary catastrophes that have left enormous tragedies...

Agriculture is one of the industries that have been greatly impacted by the trends in the prices and usage of fossil fuels. This is because in most countries agriculture encompasses high specialization, extensive farms which are heavily reliant on large inputs of pesticides oil based synthetic fertilizers, fossil fuels and chemicals. In the U.S. for instance, a fifth of the 10,551 quadrillion joules of fossil fuel energy used in total food production goes to agriculture (Soil Conservation Council...

Parkinsons disease is a disorder of the motor system that can significantly affect and decrease a persons quality of life.  Its symptoms are the trembling of hands, arms, legs or jaw rigidity of the limbs sudden slowness of movement and impaired balance and coordination while moving (Stewart A. Factor  William J. Weiner, 2008, p.47). The primary cause for Parkinsons disease is the death or impairment of the neurons in the area of the brain known as the substantia nigra.  The neurons...

There are several microorganisms in the environments which have established their secure places their respective ecological niches as determined by evolutionary strategic fitnesses in the environment. They coexist among themselves as well with all other macroorganisms. Each organism whatever the size also demonstrates a genetically bestowed innate capacity to out-survive others in many relationships such as being obligate or facultative parasites (on any other organism of any group), commensals,...

Parkinsons disease is a disorder of the motor system that can significantly affect and decrease a persons quality of life.  Its symptoms are the trembling of hands, arms, legs or jaw rigidity of the limbs sudden slowness of movement and impaired balance and coordination while moving (Stewart A. Factor  William J. Weiner, 2008, p.47). The primary cause for Parkinsons disease is the death or impairment of the neurons in the area of the brain known as the substantia nigra.  The neurons...